John F. Nash s A Beautiful Mind Mathematician

Nijatullah Arman Emma Cummings Microeconomics 22 November 2015 John Nash, a Beautiful Mind Mathematician John F. Nash shared the 1994 Nobel Prize with John Harsanyi and Reinhard Selten in economics for their work on the theory of non-cooperative games, in other words John Nash received a Nobel Prize for his work in Game theory. Except for one course in economics that he took as an undergraduate, Nash had not any formal training in economics. John Nash had a Ph.D. in mathematics in 1950, but the Nobel Prize he received four decades later was for the contribution he made to game theory in his 1950 Ph.D. thesis. In his work, he introduced the distinction between cooperative and non-cooperative games. In non-cooperative games every player is self-enforced, and in cooperative games, players can make agreements with other players. Nash’s contribution is the concept of equilibrium for non-cooperative games, which later came to be called a Nash equilibrium. In Nash equilibrium no player can improve his position by choosing a different strategy. Nash explained that as long as mixed strate gies are allowed, for a broad class of games, at least one equilibrium exist. Another Nash’s contribution is his reasoning about â€Å"the bargaining problem,† before Nash, economist thought the share of gains each of two parties to a bargain received was always indeterminate. But Nash got further by suggesting four conditions and showed mathematically that a unique solutionShow MoreRelatedBrothers Grimm and Beautiful Mind1109 Words   |  5 Pages * A Beautiful Mind Film Analysis A Beautiful Mind Film Analysis This movie is based on the true story of the brilliant mathematician John Forbes Nash Jr. He made remarkable advancements in the field of mathematics at a young age and had a very promising future. Unfortunately, John Nash had problems deciphering the difference betwe Premium 855 Words 4 Pages * Film Analysis: a Beautiful Mind WEEK 3 A Beautiful Mind Film Analysis xxxxxxRead MoreAnalysis Of John Nash s The Same Name 875 Words   |  4 PagesThe film I will be analyzing in this paper is A Beautiful Mind, a biographical look at the life of John Nash during a period of his life where he struggles with mental illness. The movie itself is based on the novel of the same name by Sylvia Nasar. Although John Nash is a real person who s life is documented in his biography, I will be focusing my diagnosis solely on the events depicted in the film. John Nash is a gifted mathematician who has trouble with being social and forming close relationshipsRead MoreAnalysis of Movie a Beautiful Mind Essay1703 Words   |  7 PagesA Beautiful Mind The movie â€Å"A Beautiful Mind† directed by Ron Howard is based on the real story of mathematician John F. Nash Jr., played by Russell Crow. John Nash was a gifted young man from West Virginia that, while studying in Princeton, created his â€Å"game theory† also knows as â€Å"Nash equilibrium†, which was the break through in modern economics, and for which he got the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics later on in his life. Also except his extraordinary mind John Nash had a psychologicalRead MoreMental Disorders And Illness Of Dr. John Nash1482 Words   |  6 Pagesthat I reviewed was titled. A Beautiful Mind, which was an autobiographical drama which tracked the real life struggles of Dr. John Nash, a famous mathematician. He is responsible for much of the research that was done on Game Theory, Decision Making Process, as well as other economic theories. The film begins with his early collegiate life at Princeton, where he was received with mix feelings by his peers as he was awarded scholarship but did not come from money. Nash had much difficulty making friendsRead MoreVarian Solution153645 Words   |  615 Pagesthe range. 1.1 (3) Suppose that we have 8 people who want to rent an apartment. Their reservation prices are given below. (To keep the numbers small, think of these numbers as being daily rent payments.) Person Price = A = 40 B 25 C D 30 35 E 10 F 18 G 15 H 5 (a) Plot the market demand curve in the following graph. (Hint: When the market price is equal to some consumer i’s reservation price, there will be two diï ¬â‚¬erent quantities of apartments demanded, since consumer i will be indiï ¬â‚¬erent between

What Is Adhd. Adhd(Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder)

What is ADHD? ADHD(attention deficit hyperactive disorder) is typically diagnosed as one of the 3: Combined(Inactive/Hyperactive/Impulsive) Inactive Only(Formerly known as attention deficit disorder) Hyperactive/Impulsive Outgrowing ADHD? In most cases ADHD continues into adulthood. however, by developing the person s strengths, structuring, environments, and using medication when needed. Children Who Have ADHD? The number of kids that have to be treated for ADHD has risen over the past years. ADHD is currently the most common situated patriotic conditions. Due to awareness and better ways to treat ADHD without medication. Cure for ADHD? Currently there is not a scientifically proven treatment for attention deficit hyperactive†¦show more content†¦People with ADHD have trouble making a plan that says what to do ahead of time. If the person is in class and the teacher tells the student to create a planner of their homework they will have trouble to set it up. Intelligence? People diagnosed with ADHD actually have a great intelligence quotient(IQ). Their IQ is between 90-115 which is a genius level IQ. If you give a person with ADHD 3 multiple choice questions that are difficult they will most likely answer them correctly. Associated Disorders? An estimated 50 percent of people that are diagnosed with ADHD also have behavioral, emotional or academic problems that exist alongside the disorder. These other conditions make living with ADHD much harder, because if the person with ADHD takes one type of medication for one condition it can affect the other conditions. And you can’t overdose on medication, because some tablets are more powerful than others. People that have ADHD are likely to have speech and health conditions such as, upper respiratory infections and allergies. People with attention deficit disorder show forms of antisocial behavior and might have a condition called oppositional defiant disorder. These individuals can be aggressive and verbally disobedient. A significant number of children have something called develop conduct disorder. This allows them to either lie, steal, skip school, or become physically aggressive. In contrast, others with ADHD experience extreme anxiety. They oft en worry orShow MoreRelatedAttention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder ( Adhd ) And The Frontal Lobe887 Words   |  4 PagesAttention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder (ADHD) and the Frontal Lobes Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD), Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder (ADHD) throughout history has been seen as a behavioral issue. The prevalence and attention given to ADD/ADHD as a disorder has not become apparent until more modern times. With the coming of Drugs, treatment seemed to become common and successful. There are many risk factors believed to contribute to developing ADD/ADHD. However, no correlates are indeedRead MoreAttention Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder Essay1244 Words   |  5 PagesAttention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, also known as ADHD, is one of the most prevalent childhood and adolescence disorder. ADHD world prevalence rates is around 5% and â€Å"range from 1% to 20% among school-age children (Sciotto, †¦2016, p. 35). There is a variability in prevalence rates across countries, which has led to researchers to question whether ADHD diagnosis reflects the norms and biases of western cultures. Even though the diagnosis are thought to reflect western cultures and norms, itRead MoreObesity And Its Effects On Children1702 Words   |  7 PagesIs it true that sugar causes or contributes to attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)? This is an important question that many parents, teachers and researchers are trying to answer. Sugar has long been suspected to be a cause behind ADHD symptoms. But research has yet to validate the connection. 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I haveRead MoreOver-Diagnosis Of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder.1273 Words   |  6 PagesOver-diagnosis of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) or Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD) is one of the most commonly diagnosed mental disorder among children and adolescents (UCLA). ADHD/ADD usually becomes apparent in children during preschool and early school years. ADHD/ADD affects 3 percent to 5 percent of approximately two million American children (Frequently). Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) or Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD) isRead MoreAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder748 Words   |  3 PagesWhat is Attention- Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder? Well it is one of the most commonly developed disorders among children, teens and adults (National Institute of Mental Health). In fact 5-8% of school-aged children are affected by attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (Mikami, Reuland and Griggs). 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He wantedRead MoreAttention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder ( Adhd )1162 Words   |  5 PagesWhat is ADHD? â€Å"Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder is one of the most common childhood disorders and can continue through adolescence and adulthood† (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder). ADHD in real terms is the inability to focus. Several people have describe people with ADHD as skirmish, talkative, and have trouble waiting. ADHD has been previously described as ADD (attention deficit disorder) but the only difference is the â€Å"H†. This â€Å"H† describes how this disorder deals with hyperactivity

The Effects of E-commerce on Universities Essay Sample free essay sample

Executive Summary It is no hyperbole but an reliable truth that information engineering has variously affected all Fieldss of concern in one manner or the other. E-commerce has besides a important consequence on the concern and work process of universities in multiple manners. Universities provide an instruction for our citizens. E-commerce is the production. gross revenues. advertisement and distribution of merchandises or services through telecommunication web. E-commerce brings in the whole industry and activities like applications. manufacturers. information exchange. and economic exchange under one word called the cyberspace. E-commerce is extremely dependent on the engineering. Example: interconnectivity among orbiters. telecommunications. overseas telegrams etc. E-commerce demands to maintain in head the procedure substructure. which involves the assorted agencies of doing payment. distribution and bringing over the cyberspace possible. Certain criterions have to be maintained if a state wants to indulge in e-commerce. More exactly. learning. research. and public service can be regarded as merely the current manifestations of the more cardinal functions of making. continuing. incorporating. conveying. and using cognition through E-Commerce tools. E-commerce uses cyberspace as its major tool. It is a valuable medium for international trade as it reduces communicating costs. reduces time-to-market for goods and besides exports services. E-commerce simplifies processes. reduces costs. and makes them more efficient. Introduction It is non surprising that powerful new digital engineerings. which in consequence are knowledge media. have the potency for major impact on each of the many and varied activities of the university. After all. this engineering was developed in portion in our campus research research labs by our module. and many of the earliest applications of information engineering have been developed and deployed on our campuses. Yet. in truth. the instructional activities of the university have tended to defy technology-driven alteration. Earlier engineerings that were supposed to drive extremist change—television. computer-assisted direction. and wireless communications—have bounced off the schoolroom without a dent. E-commerce has a transforming impact on the activities of the university. because of both its unusual and grim gait of development and the mode in which it relaxes traditional restraints such as infinite and clip. ( Duderstadt. 78-84 ) There are already marks that the tr aditional schoolroom lecture-based format of university acquisition is germinating in response to the chances offered by digital engineering. Almost half of all university categories today use Internet resources as portion of their course of study. and over one-quarter have Web sites. Most pupils and module interact on a regular basis utilizing E-mail or conferencing package. Even more profound transmutations will be driven by today’s coevals of pupils who seek extremely synergistic. collaborative. and customized acquisition experiences. One can easy place alterations happening in the other activities of the university. E-commerce has provided the bookman with powerful new tools to work out complex jobs. imitate natural phenomena. and interact with co-workers. The library is going less a depository and more a centre for cognition pilotage. Our capacity to reproduce and administer digital information with perfect truth and with basically zero cost has shaken the very foundations of right of first publication and patent jurisprudence and threatens to redefine the nature of the ownership of rational belongings. Digital communications webs are leting universities to widen their array of public services far beyond the campus and even the province to en-compass the state or even the universe. The learning map occurs chiefly through a professor’s talking to a category of pupils. who in bend respond by reading assigned texts. composing documents. work outing jobs or executing experiments. and taking scrutinies. A few pupils might besides take advantage of module office hours for a more intimate relationship. but this is instead rare for most pupils. The engineering used is crude. for the most portion. dwelling chiefly of books. chalk boards. unwritten talks. and inactive images. on occasion assisted by audiovisual equipment and limited electronic communicating. From Computer-Aided Instruction to Cyberspace Learning Communities Although it has been slow in coming. we are get downing to see early marks of the impact of engineering on instruction. Here we should clear up our nomenclature. since technology-assisted or computer-mediated direction is often interpreted as online instruction. as exemplified by the asynchronous larning webs or practical universities now jumping up in higher instruction. The computing machine has been used to augment traditional schoolroom direction for decennaries. Early applications such as the computer-aided direction Plato system developed by the University of Illinois aimed to utilize the computing machine to heighten acquisition by automatizing everyday drills such as linguistic communication repeat or self-paced direction. However. these were by and large both resource-intensive and of fringy public-service corporation in augmenting conventional schoolroom direction. For many old ages universities have utilized inactive telecommunications engineering such as telecasting to widen learning to people unable or unwilling to go to campus-based categories. In its simplest signifier. such broadcast technology-assisted acquisition is truly a â€Å"talking heads† paradigm. in which module talks are merely delivered at a distance. through either unrecorded transmittal or videotape. There have been attempts to air such direction on public telecasting. augmented by written correspondence. A more effectual attack utilized on-site instruction helpers to work straight with the pupils. Some distance acquisition allowed the usage of pupil feedback via telephone or bipartisan picture interaction with the teacher ( in the instance of unrecorded transmittal ) . It is non surprising that the early attempts to use e-commerce in higher instruction merely replaced the broadcast of talks over telecasting with inactive talk courses either distributed on CD-ROMs or streamed from Internet Web sites. Although there was normally some chance for pupil interaction and feedback through E-mail or chat suites. the teaching method was still really much based on the transportation of cognition in a talk format. The purpose was to utilize e-commerce to execute ordinary undertakings more expeditiously. such as supplying class course of study and readings or associating pupils with teachers. The existent power of e-commerce can be achieved merely when we take advantage of the displacement from the one-to-many character of broadcast media. to the many-to-many ability of digital webs. To this terminal. the most productive early applications of e-commerce in higher instruction involved utilizing computing machine conferencing. electronic mail. listservs. and othe r computer-based coaction engineering to associate together both pupils and module in extremely synergistic larning communities. unconstrained by geographical location or clip. ( Hawkins. 63-75 ) The most important advantage of such computer-mediated acquisition is entree. the grade to which it frees larning chances from the restraints of infinite and clip. It is apprehensible why the convenience of anytime-anyplace acquisition engineerings is of import to adult scholars whose work or household duties limit entree to the residential university experience. an increasing figure of on-campus pupils are besides utilizing online acquisition to augment their schoolroom experiences. since they. excessively. seek both the convenience and the learning resources provided through the Internet. Distributed acquisition has a deeper significance than merely loosen uping the barriers of infinite and clip. Because of its synergistic nature. it transforms larning from merely absorbing new cognition to the act of making cognition. It provides new mechanisms for rich societal interactions that merely could non be if restricted to face-to-face contact. It provides both pupils and module with entree to larn resources far beyond the boundary of the campus itself. Imagine. for case. carry oning a class on the public wellness deductions of AIDS with the online engagement of pupils from African states or a class in archeology augmented by practical world Tourss of assorted digging sites around the universe. Students already make extended usage of e-commerce for informal acquisition. typically without the engagement or even the consciousness of the module. They build study groups. in some instances crossing several academic establishments. working together to seek information. reply inquiries. and develop larning accomplishments. In a really existent sense. such survey groups based on computing machine webs are supplying pupils with greater control over their educational experiences. They besides represent a tendency in which pupils construct their ain pool of larning resources—and academic institutions—just as the module construct their ain research pool. Of class. these network-based pupil groups represent an of import measure toward active pupil acquisition. Virtual reality—the usage of ocular. sound. and haptic esthesiss to make a fake entire sensory experience—has become common both in preparation and simulation and in gambling. However. higher instruction is more likely first to do usage of distributed practical environments. in which computing machines create sophisticated. 3-dimensional graphical universes distributed over webs and populated by the representations of people interacting together in existent clip. Such package representations of people in practical universes are known as embodiments. Here the end is non so much to imitate the physical universe but to make a digital universe more supportive of human interaction. ( Feldman. 14-15 ) The package required for such distributed practical environments is societal in nature. It is non so much designed to imitate world as to enable conversation and other signifiers of human coaction. Although we by and large think of distributed acquisition as most utile to adult scholars whose work or household duties prevent their attending at conventional campuses. online acquisition has besides become of import within the traditional residential campus environment. Both on campus and off. an increasing figure of pupils and module members have entree to broadband webs that allow them non merely to entree university resources such as libraries and pupil services. but besides to organize on-line acquisition communities through electronic mail. listservs. and other coaction engineerings. Their educational. research. and other university activities span both the physical campus and internet. ( McRobbie. 122-26 ) Even more of import. online learning communities stimulate pupils to go more actively involved in the acquisition procedure. with the potency to significantly transform the manner that larning occurs in the university. enabling the module to plan and implement acquisition procedures and environments that are far more effectual than the traditional schoolroom lecture-based paradigm. Computer-based simulations and role-playing exercisings give pupils hands-on experiences in any topic. Networks provide ready entree both to vast knowledge resources every bit good as to original beginning stuffs. The flexibleness of network-based communicating allows module members to orient learning manners to each student’s needs. switching the module member’s function from a beginning of information to a supervisor or manager of the acquisition procedure. ( Wulf. 46-52 ) Possibly most significantly. it has moved the consideration of larning one time once more to centre phase in higher ins truction. even in those research universities long dominated by concerns of scholarship instead than learning. To day of the month. there has been comparatively small attending given to the manner that information engineering might reshape the cognitive procedure of larning. Furthermore. few seem to acknowledge that information engineering may interrupt the long-accepted linkage between economic steps such as outgo per pupil or pupils per module and educational quality. There seems to be limited consciousness of merely how different a coevals of pupils raised in a universe of synergistic electronic media is from their parents—and their instructors. Unlike those of us who were raised in an epoch of inactive. broadcast media such as wireless and telecasting. today’s pupils expect—indeed. demand—interaction. They prefer to larn by making. get the hanging new undertakings through what we might see as drama. Their nonlinear manner of larning seems inconsistent with the stiff. consecutive attack of the traditional university course of study. constructing a pyramid of requirements that must be mastered in order. ( Dolence. 210-16 ) Yet. there is some grounds that the extremely experiential and synergistic attack to acquisition by the digital coevals may be peculiarly effectual in a media-rich environment. The new synergistic resources provided by emerging information engineering represent the moving ridge of the hereafter for our society. As our cognition base expands. stray persons will progressively lose their ability to cognize everything that they need to cope with complex challenges. We must fit our pupils with the ability to work these new engineerings. They must larn the hard art of pass oning across disciplinary and cultural differences in the chase of common ends. detecting which collaborative tools serve us best for our different intents. The new literacy enabled by digital engineerings is quickly going an indispensable accomplishment in a knowledge-driven society and a duty of higher instruction. ( Daniel. 39-43 ) The new cognition media may basically alter what it means to be a professor and a pupil at our universities. Faculty members may go more similar managers or advisers than didactic instructors. planing larning experiences and supplying accomplishments alternatively of leaving specific content. Even our introductory classs may take on a signifier now reserved for merely the most advanced seminar categories. thereby leting more personal interaction. Not merely make these new engineerings create educational chances. but they besides represent the literacy of our hereafter. The medium of rational communicating is in the procedure of germinating from the diary article to more comprehensive multimedia and even synergistic paperss. These displacements portend huge alterations in the ways that information is manipulated and interaction is structured in our society. Universities can non name themselves successful unless they provide pupils with the cardinal accomplishments that they require in the 21st century. In these new acquisition paradigms. the word pupil becomes mostly disused. because it describes the inactive function of absorbing content selected and conveyed by instructors. Alternatively. we should likely get down to mention to the clients of the twenty-first-century university as active scholars. since they will progressively demand duty for their ain acquisition experiences and results. There is strong grounds that the traditional category talk attack to university instruction is one of the least effectual signifiers of larning. Surveies show that the more that one is involved in the acquisition experience. the more that one learns. In a hereafter progressively dominated by sophisticated educational trade goods and hyper acquisition experiences. the function of the module member will switch. ( de Alva. 190-94 ) In these new paradigms the function of the module member becomes that of nurturing and steering active acquisition. non placing and showing content. That is. they will b e expected to animate. motivate. manage. and coach pupils. More specifically. module members of the twenty-first-century university will happen it necessary to put aside their functions as instructors and alternatively become interior decorators of larning experiences. procedures. and environments. In the procedure. tomorrow’s faculty members may hold to fling the present manner of lone acquisition experiences. in which pupils tend to larn chiefly on their ain through reading. authorship. and job resolution. Alternatively. they may be asked to develop corporate acquisition experiences in which pupils work together and larn together. with the module member going more of a adviser or a manager than a instructor. Decision This is likely to go the value of the university—to create acquisition communities and to present pupils into these communities. Under-graduates are introduced to communities associated with academic subjects and professions. Alumnus pupils and professional pupils are involved in more specialised communities of experience and expertness. From this position. one of the of import functions of the university is to attest through the awarding of grades that pupils have had sufficient larning experience with a assortment of communities. Once we have realized that the nucleus competency of the university is non merely reassigning cognition but developing it within intricate and robust webs and communities. we realize that the simple distance-learning paradigm of the practical university is unequal. The key is to develop computer-mediated communications and communities that are released from the restraints of infinite and clip. ( Brown. 11-19 ) In true acquisition communities the differentiation between instructors and pupils fuzzs. Both groups become active scholars. working together to profit each other. While this dichotomy is commonplace at the degree of graduate instruction. where alumnus pupils often learn more about a specialised topic than their module advisors. it is far less common in undergraduate instruction. Yet. we have long known that some of the most important acquisition occurs when 1 besides serves as a instructor. Advanced undergraduates should be encouraged to presume such teaching functions. non m erely to other undergraduates but even on juncture to faculty members themselves. Such learning communities seem better aligned with how learning truly should happen in a university. The schoolroom paradigm is normally dominated by one-way information flow from the module member to the pupil. Learning is non merely information transportation. It involves a complex array of societal interactions in which the pupil interacts non merely with the module member but besides with other pupils. the environment. and perchance objects every bit good. for illustration. books! The function of the university and the module should be to ease the formation of larning communities. both through formal academic plans and through societal. extracurricular. and cultural activities that contribute to larning in the university. When pupils and module articulation such communities. they portion the thoughts. values. and patterns that lead to larning. Possibly portion of our trouble in reconceptualizing the university experience is that we still tend to believe of the baccalaureate grade as a chiseled acquisition experience that prepares a pupil for life. but today acquisition has become a womb-to-tomb activity. Today’s pupils will necessitate to go on to larn. through both formal and informal methods. throughout their lives. Plants Cited Brown. John Seely. and Paul Duguid. â€Å"Universities in the Digital Age. † Change 28. no. 4 ( July 1996 ) . 11-19. Daniel. John S. Mega-Universities and Knowledge Media. London: Kogan Page. 1996. 39-43 de Alva. Jorge Klor. â€Å"Remaking the Academy in the Age of Information. † Issues in Science and Technology. Washington. DC: National Academy Press. 1999. 190-94 Dolence. Michael G. and Donald M Norris ; Transforming Higher Education: A Vision for Learning in the twenty-first Century. Ann Arbor: Society for College and University Planning. 2005. 210-16 Duderstadt. James J. A University for the twenty-first Century. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. 2000. 78-84 Feldman. Stuart. Presentation on â€Å"Technology Futures† at the Workshop on the Impact of Information Technology on the Future of the Research University. January 22. 2001. 14-15. Hawkynss. Brian L. â€Å"Technology. Higher Education. and a Very Dazed Crystal Ball. † Educause Review 35. no. 6 ( 2000 ) . 65-73. McRobbie. Michael A. . and Judith G. Palmer. â€Å"Strategic and Financial Planning for Information Technology in Higher Education. † In Forum Futures 2000. edited by Maureen E. Devlin and Joel W. Meyerson. San Francisco: JosseyBass. 2001. 122-26 Wulf. William A. â€Å"Warning: Information Technology Will Transform the University. † Issues in Science and Technology 11. no. 4. Washington. DC: National Academy Press. 2005. 46-52.

Conflicting Themes of the Help for Romeo and Juliet- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theConflicting Themes of the Help for Romeo and Juliet. Answer: The theme a literary study entails the central topic of the text that the narrator treats for narrating his story. In other way, the theme of the contemporary literary works presents the underneath meaning of the work signifying the central idea to the readers[1]. A story can have several different themes connected with the plot. For example, the central theme of the Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet is the theme of love. The entire story reflects the dominance of love between Romeo and Juliet and focuses on the different incidents and conflicts around the central theme. Another example of the love theme paramount throughout the storey is Twilight by Stephanie Meyer. The narrator in the story portrays the theme of love underlying the theme of the revenge. Forbidden love between Edward and Bella is the central theme of the novel, which the narrator has portrayed significantly throughout the story. Similarly, one of the central themes of the novel The Help is again love, which is contraste d by the theme of bitter hate. The novel does not reflect the love theme as romantic, but the contrast and the counteraction between the suppressed love and dominant hate. The theme of love in The Help is not purely similar to the theme of Romeo and Juliet and Twilight. Though the central theme of these three books are same, but the depiction and the treatment of the theme is different from each other. Apart from the theme of love, there are other conflicting themes of social class, race, violence and hate. The narrator has aptly depicted the social conditions of the contemporary society. The racial categorization of the upper and the lower class has been done by the skin color[2]. The white people of the society belonged to the upper class, whereas the black people are meant to be the maids and servants for the white people. The novel depicts the distinct relationship of the black and white people through various aspects of emotions. The two distinct class of the contemporary society are meant to behave in certain ways in order to accomplish the social expectations. The people belonging to the upper class are the ruling class who dictate the lives of the lower class black people. Elizabeth and Hilly is the perfect representative of the upper class who is driven by the racist culture[3]. Whereas, Skeeter, one of the central character of the novel does not fit in the upper class as she feels pity and love for the lower class people serving white people. In fact, Skeeter, later in the novel publishes a book, which tells the story of the lower class black people. Aibileen and Minny are remaining central characters who help Skeeter writing the book. However, the book Skeeter publishes at the end of the novel is named The Help. The narrator has allegorically kept the name of her novel same as the book published in the story by the central character of the novel. The effort and the initiative to write a book on the lives of the maids in the contemporary society makes Skeeter to not follow the social expectation according to the racial division of the society. She is however not afraid to lose her social dignity, since she knows she is following the right path. The novel also tells the painful consequences of Skeeter for not performing her traditional role. The narrator also has presented the theme of violence with the by presenting the incidents that diffuse the loving speech and the domestic violence on the black people[4]. There are several themes presented in the novel. The novel and the book published in the novel by the central characters create a sense of camouflage in the novel, though both signify the helpless condition of the black people. The novel however, portrays the theme of love under the vague prevalence of hate. Reference: Kelm, Rebecca. Stockett, Kathryn. The Help.(Brief Article)(Book Review).Library Journal, vol. 134, no. 1, 2009, p. 83. 2017, https://www.penguin.com/static/pdf/teachersguides/the_helpTG.pdf. Carroll, Joseph, et al.Graphing Jane Austen: The evolutionary basis of literary meaning. Springer, 2012. "The Help Themes From Litcharts | The Creators Of Sparknotes."Litcharts, 2017, https://www.litcharts.com/lit/the-help/themes.

Research Paper Digestive System Essay Example

Research Paper: Digestive System Essay There are multiple biological processes that the human body performs continuously in order to sustain itself. Functions are classified into systems according to their purpose. It is important to understand that all biological processes are highly interrelated, meaning that if one aspect of one system is malfunctioning, the effects sprawl far beyond the location of the function. This is perhaps why symptoms must be traced incredibly thoroughly to judge what the original cause of the malfunction is. The digestive system is one that includes the functions of consumption, digestion, absorption and expulsion of wastes. The organs involved start at the oral cavity and stretches through the body, ending at the anal cavity. Surrounding systems such as the circulatory, respiratory, and immune and nervous systems all work in corporation to execute all the tasks necessary. Naturally, with such a number of complex functions, in combination with various destructive qualities, such as bacteria, viruses, environmental threats, as well as genetic make-up, malfunctions are bound to occur.In some cases, the effects may be treated leaving no permanent damage; however some situation may result is irreversible damage that may be fatal. We will write a custom essay sample on Research Paper: Digestive System specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Research Paper: Digestive System specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Research Paper: Digestive System specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Most common signs that the digestion process is unwell are symptoms of diarrhea and constipation. While this is considered a non serious occurrence, it could be a clue that there is a far more serious problem within the system that requires attention. This may include such conditions as an Irritable bowel syndrome, peptic ulcer or even cancer. Typically the more persistent the symptoms, the more neglected the warnings are, the more serious the situation becomes. The flowing is a more detailed look at the components, purpose and function of the digestive system, as well as several common digestive problems such as gastric bleeding, pain, constipation and diarrhea. Also a brief look at disorders such as the irritable bowel syndrome and peptic ulcers. The disorders are considered on the bases of the symptoms, causes and possible treatments. The Digestive System The purpose and reason behind the digestion process is to help break down the food and beverages that are consumed into small molecules in order for the necessary nutrients to be absorbed and utilized by the body. The way the body achieves this is by allowing the gut to physically and chemically alter the ingested nourishment and dispose of the not required wastes. This nourishment is then transformed into vital energy that helps maintain and build the cells that are necessary in the body. Process of the Digestive System The overall digestive process involves a mixture of food and drink with the digestive juices. The food is then broken down into small molecules through chewing and the digestive juices and finishes in the small intestine. The movement of the food down along the process is referred to as peristalsis. This resembles and ocean wave traveling though the muscle. Once food is swallowed an involuntary process begins which is controlled by the nerves. The swallowed food is propelled into the esophagus, which connect the mouth and throat to the stomach. At the point where the esophageal sphincter which is a ring of muscle that closes the passage between the two organs. As food approaches this point, the sphincter relaxes and allows food to enter the digestive track. The liver and the pancreas are digestive organs that also contribute to this process through producing digestive juices that reach the small intestine though small tubes called ducts. The digesting system is also very intertwined with other biological process, for instance the nervous system as well as the circulatory system directly impact the digestive process. Mouth The mouth is the preliminary organ that begins the digestion process. Within the mouth several functions are preformed in order to prepare the contents for the remainder of the process. The mouth or what is biologically referred to as the oral cavity comprises of lips (labia), teeth, cheeks, hard and soft pallet which are located at the forward and latter roof of the mouth. There is also a muscular tongue which is attached to the floor of the mouth by what is called a frenulum. Moreover the oral cavity is connected to the nasal cavity, allowing this function to also participate in the process. The throat is guarded by a ring of palatine or lingual tonsils. The process that the contents go through begins with the biting process. The initiates the braking down process into suitable size portions in order to better fit in the oral cavity. This process is helped by the muscular work of the jaw, tongue as well as the soluble nature of the saliva that is produced. The prepared contents are swallowed and this completes the voluntary process of ingestion. Swallowing Swallowing is a delicate process that insures that the primarily broken down contents begin to move towards the further brake down process. This however has to first pass the delicate respiratory track which is also found in the oral cavity. This is done through a complex working of the tongue, soft palate, pharynx and esophagus. The first stage of this process in voluntary as the tongue pushes the contents down the pharynx. This is followed by a reflexive process of the tongue blocking the mouth, soft palate closes off the nasal cavity and the larynx rises so that the epiglottis closes off the trachea. The contents are then moved onwards to pharynx by the peristalsis as well as gravity. Esophagus The esophagus is the first muscular tube in that is 25-30 cm in length. It purposes is to transfer the contents from the pharynx (the throat) to the stomach. There are basic layers which include the following; mucosa, sub mucosa, muscular is external and the serosal fluid. The Mucosa is innermost moist lining combined with a connective tissue and smooth muscle, that moistens the contents and begins the movement downwards. The sub mucosa is a combination of a soft connective tissue layer, blood vessels, nerves as well as lymphatic’s. The muscle external is responsible for the movement of the gut. Typically there are two layers of the smooth muscle, the circular inner layer, and the outer longitudinal The Stomach The stomach has three mechanical tasks; to store, mix and expel the contents that enter. The storing takes place in the upper part, as the sphincter opens and allows the entrance of the contents, the middle part then uses special muscles in order to mix the contents with the digestive juices, containing special enzymes, and the finial emptying of the contents into the small intestine. Certain factors play a role in the emptying process including the various kind of food that are consumed as well as the muscle capability that is required. Carbohydrates for instance, spend the least of time in the stomach, while proteins remain longer in the stomach and fats remain in the stomach the longest of all. Finally as the juices do their job in braking down the contents into small enough molecules, the absorption of nutrient occurs though the intestinal walls and the contents are transported and lowered down into the large intestine where they are then extracted through the anus in the form of bowel movements. Small Intestine The small intestine consists of three parts. The first part is the Duodenum which is roughly 26 cm in lengths. This is the first descending part where the contents proceed from the stomach. Within this part, the breakdown process continues before the contents proceed to the Jejunum, 2,5 meters in length and further to the ileum which is 3.5 meters in length. The small intestine is very crucial to the digestive process. The lining of the small intestine is responsible for absorption of the contents. This is done by creases and villi located on the surface area. The movements or these villie propel the movement through the lining into the blood stream. Therefore the absorption of digested foods is done though this rich venous and capillary drainage of the gut. Towards the end of the small intestine, accumulations of lymphoid tissue are common. The process involved that undigested food to remain in the system for duration of time and it is important to note that this content is rich in bacteria. Large Intestine (Colon) The large intestine is the last part of the digestive system. It is roughly 1.5 meters in lengths and stretches from the right liliac region or the pelvis, up across the middle abdomen and end at the anus. The main function the large intestine is the absorption of the remaining extra liquids. The Anus has voluntary and involuntary sphincter and ability to distinguish whether contents are gas or solid. No villi in large intestine, but many goblet cells secreting lubricities mucus. Production of Juices The first contact of food with the digestive glands occurs in the mouth and the salivary glands produce saliva which is the moisture in the mouth that helps with the initial breakdown of the food. This silica contains certain enzymes that help in the brake down and digestion process. An enzyme is a substance that works to speed up the chemical reactions that occur in the body. The stomach lining in the next place where there are glands located that continue this process. This particular gland, produce stomach acid, and an enzyme that have the ability to break down protein. The stomach being a will throughout organs also has a lining which protect itself from the braking apart nature of the enzyme which is contains. This lining is refuted to as mucosa, and it is able to withstand the acidity of this fluid. Once the role of the stomach is complete and the contents are lowered into the small intestine, the pancreas and liver produce a wide range of enzymes that aim braking down of carbo hydrates, fats and proteins that was contained in the food consumed. There are also glands that are produces by the walls of the intestines. The liver produces another digestive fluid which is called the bile. Between meals this bile is stores in the gall bladder. During mealtimes, these substance travelers through ducks into the intestine to mix with the fats that is consumed, and transformed into a watery substance. This is then further broken down by enzymes produced by pancreatic and intestinal enzymes. Nutrients Most of the nutrients that are consumed whether through food, beverages or supplements are absorbed through the walls of the small intestine. The mucosa which is in the small intestine possesses many folds that are covered by villi, fingerlike projections. The villi are also covered by micro villi for it is this structure that allows a large surface area to be created though which nutrients can then be absorbed. From this stage, specialized cells allow the nutrient to enter the blood stream where they are carried to other parts for storage of additional chemical processes. Carbohydrates It is suggested that 45 to 65 % of recommended daily calories should be in the form of carbohydrates. Foods that are classifies as carbohydrates include breads, pasta, potatoes, peas, rice, fruits and vegetable. Starch and fiber are also contained in many of these foods. Starch digestion includes braking into maltose. The enzyme in the small intestinal lining breaks this maltose into glucose which is carried through the blood stream to the liver. There it is stored to later provide energy for the body. Sugars are digested in one step, by fist braking down in to glucose and fructose, while foods like milk contain another form of sugar which is call lactose which required a different braking down structure. Fiber is indigestible and moves through the the digestion track without being broken down by enzymes. There are two types of fiber that could be found in food, soluble and insoluble. As the term suggest soluble fiber had a characteristic to become soft and jelly like substance which in contact with water. While the insoluble fiber especial is unchangeable though the digestion process. Protein Proteins are used to build and repair the tissues of the body. In order for them to perform their duty, they also must be broken down into small molecules. Foods that are high in protein include meat, eggs, and beans. The way in which this process begins as enzymes in the stomach juices, pancreating enzymes, brake down the protean molecules into amino acids. As before these amino acids are carried through the blood stream the location that require them. Fats/lipids Rich source of energy for the body. Fats are first dissolved in the watery substance that is located in the intestine. The bile acids that are produces in the liver, stored in the gall balder work to dissolve the fats into smaller fragment that are then further broken down by the pancreatic and intestinal enzymes. Some of these parts are classifies as fatty acids and cholesterol. The role of the bile is to attach itself to the fatty acids and chelostoroal and aid these cells to more into the mucosa. There these cells become large again and mostly pass into vessel called lymphatic located near the intestine. These are then carries to parts of the body where they can be stored as storage. Vitamins Vitamins are an essential part of the absorption that also occurs though the small intestines, Vitamins are classifies in in two groups, water soluble and fat soluble. Water-soluble vitamins include all the B and C while the fat soluble vitamins include A, D, E, and K. The fat soluble vitamins are stored in the liver and fatty tissues of the body, while all water soluble vitamins are not easily stored and frequently flushed through the urine. Hormone Regulators There are several hormones that play an integral role in digestion. These function to induce production of particular acids and fluids that are requires. Certain organs such as the gall bladder are controlled by hormones. Some of the most prominent hormones for this process are gastric, secreting and cholecystokinin CCK. Gastric This particular hormone causes the stomach to produce that aid in the digestion and dissolving of certain foods. Additionally this hormone is necessary for normal cell production in the lining of the stomach, small intestine as well as the colon. Seretin This hormone is responsible for the production of the necessary digestive juices in the pancreas containing bicarbonate. The component caries the duty of neutralizing the acidic nature of the stomach as the contents are moved along into the small intestine. The production of Pepsin is also stimulated by seretin. This function is important for the digestion of protein as well as aids the liver in the production of bile. CCK The main role of CCK is to help produce enzyme in the pancreas as well as causes the gall bladder to empty when it is required. Normal cell production in the pancreas is also governed by this hormone. There are also addition hormones that govern aspects such as the appetite. Ghrelin When the stomach is empty, this hormone work in the stomach as well as upper intestine in order to stimulate appetite and encourage consumption of food. Peptide YY Carries a vice versa effect which notifies the brain that the stomach is full and arrests the appetite Other hormones have be allocated to impacting appetite include glucagon-like peptide-1 (GPL-1), oxyntomodulin(+5), and pancreatic polypeptide. Nerve Regulators There are two classified aids in the control of the digestive process. The extrinsic, outside influence which includes the nerves from coming from the brain or the spinal cord. The chemical released throughout this process include acetylcholine and adrenaline. Acetylcholine causes activity in the digestion causing the contents to move through the system. Adrenaline on the other hand relaxes the muscles involved in the process affectively slowing down and even stopping the digestion the process. As for the intrinsic, or inside nerve that impact the digestion process, this includes a very dense network integrated in the walls of the esophagus, stomach, small intestine and colon. These nerves are activated in cases where the walls are stretched when they are full, or when the organ become too hollow. Depending on the situation various substances are released in order to speed of slow down the process. Disorders Due to the complexity of the digestion process, there are various amounts of process that can be susceptible to problematic activity. This may occur due to genetics, poor nutrition as well as many other reasons. When troubles occur with this digestion process, there are various conditions that are classifies as disorders. Each disorder jeopardizes the functionality of the aspect which it targets and negatively impacts the well being of the individual that it involves. If these conditions are not addressed early on, the effect could be quite devastating. Symptoms such as diarrhea, constipation, bleeding from the digestive tract, regurgitation, and difficulty swallowing, usually suggest a digestive disorder. More general symptoms, such as abdominal pain, flatulence, loss of appetite, and nausea, may suggest a digestive disorder but also may suggest another type of disorder. Indigestion is a label that is used imprecisely by different people to mean different things. The term covers a wide range of symptoms, including dyspepsia, nausea and vomiting, regurgitation, and the sensation of having a lump in the throat. Functions that involve the Bowel or intestine vary greatly not only from one person to another but also for any one person at different times. In most cases, the easiest time to move their bowels in the morning, typically 30 to 60 minutes after first eating in the morning. However such functions are strongly affected by factors such as diet, stress, drugs, disease, and even social and cultural patterns. In most Western societies, the normal number of bowel movements ranges from 2 or 3 a week to as many as 2 or 3 a day. Changes in the frequency, consistency, or volume of bowel movements or the presence of blood, mucus, pus, or excess fatty material (oil or grease) in the stool may indicate a disorder. ABDOMINAL PAIN While the feeling of abdominal discomfort and pain is very common and in many cases, minor, more extreme cases of this symptom may suggest significant problem and lead to surgical interference. Pain in the abdominal area is frequently an issue for the young, the hold, those who suffer from immunodeficiency virus (HIV), or those with weakened and or suppressed immune systems. Causes There are multiple reasons for Abdominal pain, including infection, inflammation, sores such as ulcers, rupturing of organs, muscle contractions that are uncoordinated or blocked by an obstruction, and blockage of blood flow to organs. There are several cases where disorders may be life threatening and require immediate surgery. Such cases may include a ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm, perforated stomach or intestine, blockage of blood flow to the intestine (mesenteric ischemia), and ruptured ectopic pregnancy. Disorders that are also serious and nearly as urgent include intestinal obstruction, appendicitis, and acute inflammation of the pancreas (pancreatitis). Peritonitis is pain caused by inflammation of the lining of the abdominal cavity (peritoneum), which occurs with many disorders that result in inflammation or infection of abdominal organs or leakage of intestinal contents into the abdomen, such as a perforated ulcer. Sometimes, disorders or functions outside the abdomen are the causes for the abdomen to produce pain. Conditions include heart attack, pneumonia, and twisting of the testicles testicular torsion. Other problems that cause abdominal pain include diabetic ketoacidosis, porphyries, sickle cell disease, and certain bites and poisons, heavy metal or methanol poisoning, and some scorpion stings. The location of the pain can be a very good indicator of the cause of the pain. Pain that is associated with an organ that is blocked, gallstones, kidney stones, or intestinal obstruction typically comes and goes in waves. Likewise pain produced by a peptic ulcer is often characterized as burning while Pain that accompanies diverticulitis is often limited to the lower left abdomen, whereas the pain of peritonitis is frequently felt throughout the abdomen. Pancreatitis often produces pain that is worsened by rolling over in bed and is relieved somewhat by sitting upright and leaning forward. Medical tests are preformed to help choose among several different causes suggested by the person’s symptoms and physical examination results. An abdominal CT scan helps identify many, but not all, causes of abdominal pain. Blood and urine tests are frequently obtained. An ultrasound is helpful if gynecologic disorders are suspected. Treatment Abdominal pain is most frequently treated with pain medication, however in some case, in order to accurately pin down the specific cause, medical professionals believed that pain medication has the possibility to The specific cause of the pain is treated. Through much research and recent development, patients have pain control methods during diagnoses and treatment. BLEEDING FROM THE DIGESTIVE TRACT When blood appears in the stool of vomit, its origin could be anywhere through the digestive track from the mouth to the anus. The color of the blood indicates whether the bleeding was recent or if it has already subsided. The condition where blood, red or black is visible in vomit is called hematemesis. When blood is vomited, it may be bright red if bleeding is brisk and ongoing. Alternatively, vomited blood may have the appearance of coffee grounds if bleeding has slowed or stopped, due to the partial digestion of the blood by acid in the stomach. Anal bleeding has two forms; hematochezia if stool is bright red, or Melena, if the stool is blackened. Melena is more likely when bleeding comes from the esophagus, stomach, or small intestine. The black color of melena is caused by blood that has been exposed for several hours to stomach acid and enzymes and to bacteria that normally reside in the large intestine. Hematochezia is more likely when bleeding comes from the large intestine, although it can be caused by very rapid bleeding from the upper portions of the digestive tract as well. Symptoms of sudden loss of blood may include a rapid pulse, low blood pressure, and reduced urine flow as well as cold, clammy hands and feet. Extreme cases of bleeding may lead to reduced flow of blood to the brain, causing confusion, disorientation, sleepiness, and even extremely low blood pressure. Slow, chronic blood loss may cause symptoms and signs of anemia such as weakness, easy fatigue, pallor, chest pain, and dizziness. Causes Bleeding may occur due to several reasons such as peptic ulcers, arteriovenous malformations, and dilated veins in the esophagus, irritation from use of certain drugs, such as aspirin and other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, inflammatory bowel disease, as well as cancer. Chronic liver disease or hereditary clotting are condition under which bleeding is more likely. Medications that can cause bleeding include anticoagulants such as heparin and warfarin and those that affect platelet function such as aspirin. Evaluation Element such as location, duration and the actual cause are investigated when such conditions are reported. The physical examination in such cases includes a digital rectal examination to feel for masses. An analysis of stool is done to detect if blood is present in the stool as this sometimes suggest a cause and location as well as clue to what other testing should be done.When blood in vomit is reported, a procedure called nasogastric is done, where a small hollow plastic tube is passed through the nasal passage. Through this tube the contents of the stomach are extracted. Blood in the contents of a red color suggest current bleeding which blacked masses suggest past occurrences of bleeding. The nasogastric tube is usually left in place until it is clear that all bleeding has stopped. If the nasogastric tube reveals signs of active bleeding, or the person’s symptoms strongly suggest the bleeding is originating in the upper digestive tract, the doctor usually performs upper e ndoscopy. Upper endoscopy is a visual examination of the esophagus, stomach, and the first segment of the small intestine (duodenum) using a flexible tube called an endoscope. An upper endoscopy allows for the source of the bleeding to be identified, and often treat it. Similarly, colonoscopy is performed if symptoms suggest the bleeding is originating in the lower digestive tract, or if upper endoscopy does not reveal a bleeding site. There are cases where such exams still fail to uncover the cause of bleeding. For such people, if bleeding is severe, angiography is preformed where the patient is injected with red blood cells labeled with a radioactive marker. With the use of a special scanning camera, the radioactive marker can sometimes show the approximate location of the bleeding. If bleeding is slow, doctors may instead take x-rays after the person drinks liquid barium. Another option is capsule which is especially useful in the small intestine, but it is not very useful in either the colon or stomach, because these organs are too big to get good pictures of their inner lining. Blood tests are useful by seeing the person’s blood count to see how much blood has been lost. A low platelet count is a risk factor for bleeding. Other blood tests include prothrombin time (PT), partial thromboplastin time (PTT), and tests of liver function, which help detect problems with blood clotting. Treatment Those who suffer with sudden, severe blood loss require intravenous fluids and sometimes an emergency blood transfusion to stabilize their condition. Those with blood clotting abnormalities may require transfusion of platelets or fresh frozen plasma or injections of vitamin K. In most situation, gastrointestinal bleeding stops in its own. However in those cases where it required intervention, during the endoscopic procedure an electrocautery device, injections laser all can be used to aid the situation. If all treatment options do not help, surgery should be considered. CHEST OR BACK PAIN Pain and discomfort in the chest and back area could also be an indicator of a malfunction within the digestive process. Some symptoms are very close to those of heart problems. The middle of the chest or upper back can result from disorders of the esophagus or from disorders of the heart or aorta. Symptoms may be similar. Gastro esophageal reflux disease (GERD), caused by stomach acid splashing up into the esophagus, can produce a burning sensation or a tightness under the breastbone (sternum), which may resemble those of heart disease. Spasms of the esophagus and other esophageal muscle disorders can cause a severe squeezing sensation also resembling the pain of heart disease. Other symptoms may suggest that there is esophageal disorder. What is referred to as heartburn is in fact a splashing of acid into chest, neck and sometime throat, typically following meals. Esophageal disorders are noticed by a difficulty in swallowing. If there is an exertion problem, this is most likely as sociated with problem of the heart. If there are systems suggesting heart troubles, test to identify those are done first and digestive test could be exhaustive. Treatments are specific to cause and only administered when the cause is identified with certainty. Diarrhea Diarrhea is characterized as an increase in the amount, wateriness and frequency. While the desire to have a bowel movement often is not considered to be diarrhea as it is normal to move bowels 3 to 5 times a day. People who eat large amounts of vegetable fiber may produce more than a pound of stool a day, but the stool in such cases is well formed and not watery. Diarrhea occurs when not enough water is removed from the stool, making the stool loose and poorly formed. Typically this condition is accompanied by gas, cramping, an urgency to defecate, and, if the diarrhea is caused by an infectious organism or a toxic substance, nausea and vomiting could be involved. As the loss of this liquid occurs, dehydration and a loss of electrolytes such as sodium, potassium, magnesium, chloride, and bicarbonate from the blood are common results of diarrhea. If large amounts of fluid and electrolytes are lost, the person feels weak, and blood pressure can drop enough to cause fainting, heart rhythm abnormalities and other serious disorders. Those who are young, old or those who are disabled are especially prone to this. Causes Normally consistency of stool is 60% to 90% water. When this is exceeded, that is classified as Diarrhea. This occurs due to the fact that the process happens too quickly not allowing the fluids to be properly absorbed. The causes of such a condition vary greatly. These include drugs and chemicals, infection with viruses, bacteria, parasites, certain food, stress, tumors, chronic disorders such as irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease, and mal-absorption syndromes. Rapid passage (transit) of stool is one of the most common causes of diarrhea. Stool must remain in the large intestine for a certain amount of time in order to have normal consistency. Stool that leaves the large intestine too quickly is watery. Many medical conditions and treatments can decrease the amount of time that stool stays in the large intestine, including an overactive thyroid, drugs such as antacids containing magnesium, laxatives, prostaglandins, serotonin, and even caffeine. Many foods, especially those that are acidic, can increase the rate of transit. Some people are intolerant of specific foods and always develop diarrhea after eating them. Stress and anxiety are also common causes. Osmotic diarrhea occurs when substances remain in the colon due to the fact that they cannot be absorbed. These substances cause excessive amounts of water to remain in the stool, leading to diarrhea. Certain foods such as fruits and beans can cause osmotic diarrhea. Also, lactase deficiency can lead to osmotic diarrhea. Lactase is an enzyme normally found in the small intestine that converts lactose to glucose and galactose, so that it can be absorbed into the bloodstream. When people with lactase deficiency drink milk or eat dairy products, lactose is not digested. As lactose accumulates in the intestine, it causes osmotic diarrhea—a condition known as lactose intolerance. The severity of osmotic diarrhea depends on how much of the osmotic substance is consumed. Diarrhea stops soon after the person stops eating or drinking the substance. Blood in the digestive tract also acts as an osmotic agent and results in black, tarry stools. Another cause of osmotic diarrhea is an over growth of normal intestinal bacteria or the growth of bacteria normally not found in the intestines. Antibiotics can cause osmotic diarrhea by destroying the normal intestinal bacteria. Secretory diarrhea occurs when the small and large intestines secrete salts, especially sodium chloride, and water into the stool. Certain toxins, such as the toxin produced by a cholera infection or during some viral infections, can cause these secretions. Infections by certain bacteria and parasites can also stimulate secretions. The diarrhea can be massive, more than a quart of stool an hour in cholera. Other substances that cause salt and water secretion include certain laxatives, such as castor oil, and bile acids, which may build up after surgery to remove part of the small intestine. Certain rare tumors, such as characinoid, gastrinoma, and vipoma are also able to cause secretory diarrhea. Inflammatory diarrhea happens due to the inflammation, ulceration, engorging of the lining of the large intestine. This releases proteins, blood, mucus, and other fluids, which increase the bulk and fluid content of the stool. This type of diarrhea can be caused by many diseases, including ulcerative colitis, Crohn’s disease, tuberculosis, and cancers such as lymphoma and adenocarcinoma. When the lining of the rectum is affected, the person often feels an urgent need to move his bowels and has frequent bowel movements because the inflamed rectum is more sensitive to expansion by stool.Treatment CONSTIPATION This condition is known as the inability to have a bowel movement less than three times a week. The stool is hard, difficult and painful to pass, and very small in size. The timing of bowel movement varies from individuals meaning that in some cases the norm could vary from three times a day to three times a week. Fewer than three times a week is reason for concern. This condition is a symptom in itself rather than a disease. It is likely that everyone at one point is affected by this, with a poor diet being the typical cause. Most constipation is temporary and passes without serious or permanent harm done, however understanding the causes, means of prevention and treatment are essential in finding relief. While this condition is very common, the numbers show that most often women and adults over the age of 65 and older are affected more frequently. Constipation during pregnancy is common especially after child birth or surgery. Most often treatment is with over the counter laxatives . Causes Constipation is caused by a slowing down of the digestion process. The lack of mobility allows for the colon to absorb too much fluid, causing the stool to be hard and dry. There are many reasons for this to occur. While is some cases a lack of fiber in the diet might be the cause, in other cases its lack of physical activity, especially in the elderly. Certain medications and products like milk have a tendency to bring about this symptom. Conditions such as irritable bowel syndrome, pregnancy, aging, and travel, all have a direct impact on the speed of the digestion process. Other reasons may include a dependency of laxatives, ignoring the urge to have a bowel movements, dehydration, specific diseases or conditions such as stroke, problems with the colon and rectum, as well as problems with intestinal function (chronic idiopathic constipation). Treatment Of course treating constipation depends on the cause therefore there are several possible ways of dealing with such a state. Fiber is very important to regular bowl movements. The most common cause is a diet with not enough fiber or one that is high in fats, such as cheese, eggs, and meat. Fiber has two forms, soluble and insoluble. A soluble fiber easily dissolves in water and becomes a soft get like substance. Insoluble substance on the other hand passes though the intestine virtually unchanged. This substance helps push the contents through the colon.As a lack of liquids plays a major role in the consistency of the stool, maintaining hydrated in order to stay regular. While research has shown that intake or liquids does not always reverse constipation, some relief is still felt. However liquids that include caffeine or alcohol still are known to worsen the condition due to the fact that such substances have a dehydrating quality. Consuming foods like vegetable juices and clear sou ps, beets, can all aid one with such symptoms. When the condition continues to persist, animas and laxatives may provide relief however this treatment should be used with caution as using this method or treatment may lead the body to fall into dependence and stop working towards recovery. There are several forms of laxatives that are prescribes on an individual bases. Bulk forming laxatives, considered the safest, knows as fiber supplements that are taken with water. Some side effects from this remedy could be discomfort, blooding and pain. Stimulants are another form that causes the muscle contractions in the intestines. One ingredient, phenolphthalein, however has been recently linked to cancer. Osmotic is another drug available that causes fluids to flow in a specific way through the colon resulting in bowel expulsion. This drug is especially idiopathic constipation. Stool softeners moisten the stool and prevent constipation. Typically recommended for post surgical and post labor symptoms. However prolonged use this drug may r esult in electrolyte imbalance. Lubricants grease the stool, aiding then to go through smother. Mineral oil is the most common example. This form of treatment is known to bring results in less the 8 hours. Saline laxative also are used to provide relief by promoting absorption. The way in which this occurs is that they act as a sponge to bring water to the colon. They are most frequently used to treat acute constipation as long as there is no found obstruction. In this form there have also been reported findings electrolytes imbalances, especially in cases with small children of those who suffer from a renal deficiency. Finally, chloride channel activators are also used to increase intestinal fluid and mobility which helps with the passage of stool. This drug is known to be safe for use for up to 12months. One who is using laxatives must slowly stop using them to help the system regain its abilities to perform independently. Treatments for other causes of constipation may include discontinuing certain medication or even performing a surgical procedure for the correction of an anorectic problem such as prolapsed where the bottom portion of the colon is inverted. Surgical removal of the colon could also be an option when the symptoms are saver and caused by colonic inertia. This procedure must be considered only in extreme cases such as the side effects could also be extreme and painful. Continues symptoms of constipation left untreated could also lead to consequences such as hemorrhoids. This is a condition where the anal fissures tears due to forcing of hard stool through the sphincter muscle. As a result, there is anal bleeding, and mucus in the stool. In some cases the lining from the intestine to push out from the anus due to stain and pressure. The treatment for this is typically warm baths or ice packs. Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) Irritable bowel syndrome is a disorder that is identifies by symptoms such as cramping, abdominal pain, bloating, constipation and diarrhea. This condition causes a great deal of discomfort but does not permanently damage the intestine, and does not lead to serious illnesses such as cancer. While in some cases the symptoms can be debilitating and prevent the suffered from attending work and social events, it is still common for the most part to control the symptoms with controlling diet and stress management. The statistical information of 20% of the adult population makes this one of this one of the most common disorders diagnosed today. It has been noted that this disorder is more frequently occurs in females and typically before the age of 35. Symptoms As mention before, the main symptoms of this disorder are abdominal pain and discomfort. Having said that, symptoms tend to vary according to the individual. In some case the individual experiences constipation, which is characterized as a hardness of stool that is very difficult to pass. It is often that those individuals also complain of cramping and abdominal pain while trying to have a bowel movement with little to no results. This occurs when digesting slows down and the further constipation could lead to toxicity levels to rise. In others, the discomfort takes the form of diarrhea, which is the result of excess amount of fluids in the stool due to the increased speed of the process. Frequent sudden urges to have a bowel moment could accompany such a state. It has been observed that this syndrome is more common in females, especially during their menstrual cycle suggesting that reproductive hormones play a role. There are also tendencies to feel anxiety and depression which is brought on by the discomfort of the state, and also from a lack of proper absorption. Causes Genetics, stress, poor nutrition, hormonal unbalances have all been linked to IBS and IBS symptoms. While there is no one particular cause of the overall syndrome, there are several attribution factors that have been noted. Sensitivity in the colon to specific foods has been known to trigger curtain systems and the epithelium, which is responsible for the control of fluids in and out of the colon, is unable to perform its task as the speeds of movement is increased. Serotonin has also been linked with the normal functions of the gastrointestinal functions (GI). In normal situations 95% is located in the gestural track while the remaining five is in the brain. In those who suffer with IBS, the transport of serotonin is affected causing there to be abnormal amounts of serotonin in the GI tract, leading to more symptoms and discomfort.There is some research that shows there is a connection with the cause of IBS to a bacterial infection in the GI tract. Patients with gastroenteritis have been known to later develop IBS. People with celiac disease have also been found to have symptoms similar to IBS. It is in this case where foods such a wheat barley gluten and rye are unable to be digested by the person with such a condition. Such attempts cause pain and discomfort. Treatments While there are specific methods to deal with the treatment of the individual symptoms, at this point there is no overall cure that is available. Some of these remedies include laxatives, anti de formulas, spasm control medication as well as pain relief medications. Unfortunately treating individual symptoms rather than the core problem may lead to further complications to the overall condition. One example of this is the use of anti-spasmodic or anti depression medications which interfere in the digestion flow and could additional symptoms. Peptic Ulcers Ulcers are essentially described as sores or in some cases holes in the stomach or duodenum, which is the beginning of the small intestine. Helicobacter pylor is the leading bacteria known for causing this condition. Statistics show that 20% of those under 40 experience this while those over sixty are at a 50% ring of developing this. While the bacterium responsible for this is known, the way in which individuals contract this bacterium is still debatable. If persistent systems are ignored, internal bleeding and rupturing is a strong possibility. Symptoms Symptoms may include a dull gnarring ache with a tendency to come and go throughout the day. This is usually observed 2 to 3 hours after a meal, or when the stomach is empty, quite frequently in the middle of the night. This discomfort is however is relieved by eating. There are also additional symptoms that require immediate attention. This includes a sudden sharp pain, blood in the stool or a backend stool, likewise blood or black vomit. Causes As was previously mentioned, the Helicobacter Pylor has been proved to be the main cause of this disorder. The way in which it works is by embedding itself into the lining of the stomach or the duodenum allowing acid to get though the lining. Both the acid and the bacteria have an irritating quality which causes the sores or tears to appear. The H. Pylor bacterium has the ability to survive the acidity of the stomach as it secretes a neutralizing enzyme that protects it. The spiral shape of this bacterium allows the bacterium to stay firmly in the lining.There are several suspected methods of contracting this bacterium. One is through drinking water or consuming something that is contaminated. Traces of this bacterium have been found in saliva pointing to the option that mouth to mouth contact can also pass the bacteria on. In cases where symptoms include blood in stool or vomit, the cause may be a ruptured blood vessel or an saver obstruction preventing the contents to continue to m ove along. Treatment In order to treat this condition is it primarily important to diagnose it correctly. This is mainly achieved though a G.I (gastrointestinal) exam or endoscopic procedures. This allows for a closer look at the internal activities, and shows if the symptoms or pain and discomfort are in fact caused by the ulcers. In some cases a fragment of the tissue is extracted and examined, this is referred to as a biopsy. If there should happen to be internal bleeder, they are sometimes treaded with an internal heat probe that aid in the clotting of the blood. Alternatively, bleeding could be stopped by clotting medications. Works Cited

The Battle of Fort Niagara in the French and Indian War

The Battle of Fort Niagara in the French and Indian War Following his defeat at the  Battle of Carillon  in July 1758, Major General James Abercrombie was replaced as the British commander in North America that fall. To take over, London turned to  Major General Jeffery Amherst  who had recently  captured the French fortress of Louisbourg. For 1759 campaign season, Amherst established his headquarters below Lake Champlain and planned a drive against  Fort Carillon  (Ticonderoga) and north to the St. Lawrence River. As he advanced, Amherst intended for  Major General James Wolfe  to advance up the St. Lawrence to attack Quebec. To support these two thrusts, Amherst directed additional operations against the western forts of New France. For one of these, he ordered Brigadier General John Prideaux to take a force through western New York to assault Fort Niagara. Assembling at Schenectady, the core of Prideauxs command consisted of the 44th and 46th Regiments of Foot, two companies from the 60th (Royal Americans), and a company of Royal Artillery. A diligent officer, Prideaux worked to ensure the secrecy of his mission as he knew if the Native Americans learned of his destination it would be communicated to the French. Conflict Dates The Battle of Fort Niagara was fought July 6 to July 26, 1759, during the French Indian War (17654-1763). Armies Commanders at Fort Niagara British Brigadier General John PrideauxSir William Johnson3,945 men French Captain Pierre Pouchot486 men The French at Fort Niagara First occupied by the French in 1725, Fort Niagara had been improved during the course of the war and was situated on a rocky point at the mouth of the Niagara River. Guarded by a 900-ft. battlement that was anchored by three bastions, the fort was garrisoned by slightly less than 500 French regulars, militia, and Native Americans under the command of Captain Pierre Pouchot. Though Fort Niagaras eastward defenses were strong, no effort was made to fortify Montreal Point across the river. Though he had possessed a larger force earlier in the season, Pouchot had forwarded troops west believing his post safe. Advancing to Fort Niagara Departing in May with his regulars and a force of colonial militia, Prideaux was slowed by high waters on the Mohawk River. Despite these difficulties, he succeeded in reaching the ruins of Fort Oswego on June 27. Here he joined with a force of around 1,000 Iroquois warriors which had been recruited by Sir William Johnson. Holding a provincial colonels commission, Johnson was a noted colonial administrator with a specialty in Native American affairs and an experienced commander who had won the Battle of Lake George in 1755. Wishing to have a secure base in his rear, Prideaux ordered the destroyed fort to be rebuilt. Leaving a force under Lieutenant Colonel Frederick Haldimand to complete the construction, Prideaux and Johnson embarked in a fleet of boats and Bateaux and began rowing west along the south shore of Lake Ontario. Evading French naval forces, they landed on three miles from Fort Niagara at the mouth of Little Swamp River on July 6. Having achieved the element of surprise he desired, Prideaux had the boats portaged through the woods to a ravine south of the fort known as La Belle-Famille. Moving down the ravine to the Niagara River, his men began transporting artillery to the west bank. The Battle of Fort Niagara Begins: Moving his guns to Montreal Point, Prideaux began construction of a battery on July 7. The next day, other elements of his command began building siege lines opposite Fort Niagaras eastern defenses. As the British tightened the noose around the fort, Pouchot dispatched messengers south to Captain Franà §ois-Marie Le Marchand de Lignery asking him to bring a relief force to Niagara. Though he had refused a surrender demand from Prideaux, Pouchot was unable to keep his contingent of Niagara Seneca from negotiating with the British-allied Iroquois. These talks ultimately led to the Seneca leaving the fort under a flag of truce. As Prideauxs men pushed their siege lines closer, Pouchot anxiously awaited word of Lignerys approach. On July 17, the battery at Montreal Point was completed and British howitzers opened fire on the fort. Three days later, Prideaux was killed when one of the mortars burst and part of the exploding barrel struck his head. With the generals death, Johnson assumed command, though some of the regular officers, including the 44ths Lieutenant Colonel Eyre Massey, were initially resistant. No Relief for Fort Niagara: Before the dispute could be fully resolved, news arrived in the British camp that Lignery was approaching with 1,300-1,600 men. Marching out with 450 regulars, Massey reinforced a colonial force of around 100 and built an abatis barrier across the portage road at La Belle-Famille. Though Pouchot had advised Lignery to advance along the west bank, he insisted on using the portage road. On July 24, the relief column encountered Masseys force and around 600 Iroquois. Advancing on the abatis, Lignerys men were routed when British troops appeared on their flanks and opened with a devastating fire. As the French retreated in disarray they were set upon by the Iroquois who inflicted heavy losses. Among the multitude of French wounded was Lignery who was taken prisoner. Unaware of the fighting at La Belle-Famille, Pouchot continued his defense of Fort Niagara. Initially refusing to believe reports that Lignery had been defeated, he continued to resist. In an effort to convince the French commander, one of his officers was escorted into the British camp to meet with the wounded Lignery. Accepting the truth, Pouchot surrendered on July 26. The Aftermath of the Battle of Fort Niagara: In the Battle of Fort Niagara, the British sustained 239 killed and wounded while the French incurred 109 killed and wounded as well as 377 captured. Though he had wished to be allowed to depart for Montreal with the honors of war, Pouchot and his command were instead taken to Albany, NY as prisoners of war. The victory at Fort Niagara was the first of several for British forces in North America in 1759. As Johnson was securing Pouchots surrender, Amhersts forces to the east were taking Fort Carillon before advancing on Fort St. Frederic (Crown Point). The highlight of the campaign season came in September when Wolfes men won the Battle of Quebec.

Reflective Journal Designing Formats and Including Visuals Essay

Reflective Journal Designing Formats and Including Visuals - Essay Example The upgrading of visual formats keeps the viewers engaged in it all the time. Facebook has mastered the use of the three means of appeal and persuasion, namely, ethos, pathos and logos. Ethos which is to make the user feel likeable is done through the use of the like button under each and every post and status. Pathos is to persuade by appealing the emotions of the reader, which are again used by Facebook as people have their own ethnic, religious and emotional pages which they like based on their own interests; this engages them on their emotional level as well. Logos is said to persuade the logical side of people, which is again a trait of Facebook as people make logical statements which are then liked by people and shared (Fife, 2010). Visuals are very important to use in college papers as they are able to communicate the exact frame of mind of the students to the teachers. Using visuals professionally can help in giving out power point presentations and reports in order to explain with accuracy (Keenan and Shiri,

Digital graphics for interactive media Assignment

Digital graphics for interactive media - Assignment Example They are in game poster production, packaging, in game graphics, overall it may be said that the entire game development process relies on interactive media graphics for game production. Rollover buttons, navigation bars and navigation menus enable easy navigation around digital media. The simpler and comprehensive the navigation is, the more it compels visitors to come back again. Instead of having to search through heaps of information the interactive graphics enable users to reach to get to the point search results thus saving their time and effort. â€Å"overall, a main navigation supports a variety of user tasks and modes of information seeking, including known-item seeking, exploration, and even re-finding. From a user’s standpoint, the main navigation plays a critical role in using the site: Animated images can be used in almost every form of digital media. May it be web portals or Chat Interfaces, Social Networking interfaces or Stock software, the embedding of animated images into each of these digital media enhances their usefulness by often replacing a large amount of words. This is often said in relation with: â€Å"A picture is worth a thousand words.† An entire process can be described with the help of embedding step by step animation levels into a diagram instead of the readers reading a large amount of text to decipher it. Applications of web banners are mainly in every website. They are the online means of advertising. A large number of viewers get attracted to the often animated banners that promote a certain product and click on the banner. Clicking on it opens the website of the advertiser. The image on the Web Banner can be made in PNG, JPEG or GIF. Logos are images that are specifically associated with an entity. That entity may be an individual or a company. It is with respect to that graphics image, known as a log, that the defined entity is often recognized.

Policy Briefing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Policy Briefing - Essay Example The paper is a discussion on the impact of border control policy towards the citizens as well as its opportunities and challenges. Effective border control policy will present numerous opportunities to the United States and the neighbors. While the border control policy has changed unexpectedly since its inception in 1924. Its main mission has remained unchanged; to prevent and detect illegal entry of people into the United States of America. The department of homeland security is currently in charge of border security in the country. The point of interest is often the American Mexico border. Together with other law enforcers, the border patrol team has continued to place the US border under surveillance with an intention of identifying any threat to national security as well as illegal entry. Border policy does not prevent people from entering the United States, it only ensures that the entrance of people who are in possession of legal documents as well as screening individuals who may be trafficking contrabands and drugs into the country (Chà ¡vez, 2003). Border control policy is considered a stepping stone towards fighting terrorism since the September 11 attack. Implementation of border control policy by the department of homeland security will enable the country to deal with the challenges such as smuggling of drugs into the country, prevention of illegal immigration as well as entrance of terrorism and dangerous weapon into the country Strict Border control policy has affected both citizens and the country’s international image. The policy has resulted to prolonged security screening at the border there by delaying numerous activities that are linked to boosting the economy of the United States of America. The border patrol in the county is responsible for patrolling two thousand miles of coastal waters surrounding Florida peninsula as well

Effect Of Technology On Architecture Construction Essay

Effect Of Technology On Architecture Construction Essay Technology has played a big role in shaping the current society and its surroundings. It has affected every aspects of human life and one of them is space in the field of architecture and interior design. As technology changes, so does the practice of architecture and interior design. Previously, without the technology, the value of architecture lies in the process of crafting experience in a space. But, nowadays, with the technology, the value has changed into privileging the visual aesthetics of the space or described as visual architecture. Therefore, this essay aims to investigate the current effect of technology in architecture and interior design. As well as to argue that the current visual architecture has decreased the value of architecture. INTRODUCTION Technology opens the door to the future. It is one of the main essences that shape and change the way society behaves, as well as transcends the surrounding to suit the way society lives. Nowadays, the effect of technology has reached almost every level of the society, and one of them is modern building technology. It has great implication in the creation of space in both architecture and interior design. Since the early days, architecture is one of the most important needs of man. It provides space to live and works, an environment for interaction and provoking emotions, as well as a realm where experiences and memories are created. Feelings and emotions are evoked by the form and shape, the arrangement of forms and by relationships that space draws with the surroundings. It affects every part of human senses. As technology developed, the meaning of architecture started to adapt accordingly. Formerly, with conventional building construction technology such as wood-framed, stone-stacking and mud bricks structures, the shape and form of architecture that could be achieved was only a simple and pure form. It led to a trend of homogeneous building, which made architecture looks similar with its surroundings. Because of this limitation, architects and designers became more sensitive and focused on crafting experiences in a space. These experiences then become memories that will be remembered by the visitor and elements that differentiate one building from another. As this continues, because of the limitation on the materials, buildings visual aesthetic is slowly decreasing. Currently, with the creation and development of new building materials and technologies, the inventions of cutting-edge and futuristic looking forms and shapes are possible. New materials and structures are evolved and manufactured everywhere. These advancements have made architects trying to work out and explore the possibility of how these new materials can be used to elaborate and create new structures for buildings. Unintentionally, these advancements has also made them became so attached to visual appearance. Meaning that majority of them concentrate on using technology in order to discover new forms and shapes for architecture in order to reflect the idea for which it was designed. The design of the building that focused on visual aesthetics has led to a trend of creating a form that looks good rather than a space that feels good. With this trend continuing, it seems that the role of visual sense has being privileged when compared to other human senses. The impact of this trend causes the design of the current architecture being reduced and restricted into visual senses. With the absence of other senses, the strength of interaction between our bodies and a space is being diminished. This is because human experience space and environment through all of their senses, not only through the visual. The trend also indicates that the tendency in architecture of image rather than architecture of experience is increasing. The products of architecture of image will only offer visual consumption which wont create lasting impressions that all the architects strive for. It will only become a nice looking postcard of visually striking building. Hence, the essay aims to prove that the current use of technology in architecture is only being used to achieve visual aesthetics and has decreased the value of architecture. The essay will also argue that technology to achieve powerful or aesthetically pleasing form to the sight has to be able to grow hand in hand with other human senses, in order to create valuable experience and memory in a space. Only then, the value of architecture can be pushed to a full potential. Architecture of Experience rather than Visual Instead of experiencing our being in the world, we behold it from outside as spectators of images projected on the surface of the retina. Pallasmaa, J, 2005, p.47 Before we can move forward to the main issue, to question the effect of technology towards current architecture, it is important to look and understand briefly what is the nature and value of architecture since the early days it was created. Throughout the history, despite of a large number of definitions which have been proposed by numerous architects, the answer to the nature and value of architecture has never come to a conclusion. Maybe it is because there are diverse ways to formulate an answer to this. Davies (2008) noted that one of the numerous definitions of architecture that can be found in dictionaries, refer to the meaning of, a method or style of building. It seems that this definition leads to a diminishing understanding that building is just an object of visual aesthetic. Some even make comparison of architecture with other form of arts which is sculpture. For instance, Santiago Calatrava, a world-renowned Santiago Calatrava: Sculpture into Architecture, The Metropolitan Museum of Art Spanish architects that combined sculpture and painting with architecture. He is claimed as a building sculptor and had a world-wide exhibition of his works. James Gardner (2005, The Art Behind the Architect, The NY Sun newspaper) mentioned that there is no clear line whether Calatrava is a sculptor that design buildings or an architect that makes sculptures. And whether his works are sculptures that are in a form of architecture or a combination of both art and architecture. So is architecture is just a method of applying aesthetics consideration to the form of buildings? Or it is just an art of making buildings beautiful? This idea of definition seems to have missed a central core of the nature and value of architecture. Previously, in the prehistoric time where architecture was not even born yet, human lived in a nomadic way. They moved from one place to another. When night came, they stopped and lighted a fire to warm themselves up. By doing so, they started to define a place. And if they intend to stay there longer, they started to define a place to sleep, a place to shelter them from the rain, a place to collect and store food, a place where they could defend themselves from danger, etc. From their chosen site, experience of their surrounding, until the organization of their place, this leads to an evolution from a place to architecture. Based on that, one can say that the nature and value of architecture is in the sense of a place that is created by the organization between buildings with the surrounding and context itself. Thus, architecture relates to the way people live, it changes and evolves based on the environments, experiences and needs. As time goes on, places that people used have became more diverse, sophisticated and complex which made architecture consistently changing as well. Starting from the prehistoric era where human dwells in occasional caves to stone-stacking shelters. Then evolves to temporal tents make by frame-wood structures and into round houses that made of mud bricks. And as human becomes more civilized, the needs of place for different functions emerged too. From a place to worship gods, a place to trade things, a place for entertainment and so much more. These places will keep on expanding to meet the different needs of human. Moreover, tools to build and transport materials, such as wheels or pulleys, have advanced and are still growing in order to make construction process becomes more efficient. So, not only materials have evolved, functions and tools to build each building have advanced as well. From the early civilizations in Mesopotamia, Egypt, Greece, Roman Empire and the East, the develo pment in architecture to create buildings for different purposes have greatly varied. Egypts Pyramids, Greeks Temples, and Romans Amphitheatres are just few illustrations of various functions that could be found globally. The forms, materials, tools and functions of the architecture evolve because of the resources that are available in the environment. The needs for stronger materials to create shelter and suitable types of materials to craft the atmosphere for different functions have pushed the tool and building technology to an advanced level too. With the application of the advanced materials and technologies, humans are able to generate unique experiences which would enrich the physical and psychological experience in architecture. In the time where modern building technology was not developed yet, there was a limitation in the creation of architectural form. Architects and engineers were only able to create certain kinds of form because of the limitation of the materials and tools at that time. Considering this constraints, the focus of architecture at this time is in the creation of experience, which is the nature and value of architecture since the early days. People lived through experiencing the world with body senses. One sense interacts with other senses to be able to let human integrate with the surrounding and the world. As a result, architecture is the product of this constant interaction between people with their surrounding and the world. Architecture provides spaces where people could do their daily activities, experience the environment, feel comfortable with it and generate impactful memories through these interactions. The interaction that happens can be either simple or complex. It means that t he space within the architecture should be able to interact with at least one or all of the body senses. This is due to, as human we have needs and desires, beliefs and aspirations, as well as aesthetic sensibility that are affected by warmth, touch, odour, sound and visual stimuli. Every interaction that happens will be experienced by the body. And if the experience through the space is strong enough, it will formulate an impactful memory to the users mind. And if this is successful, the lasting impression that every architects strive for will be achieved. That is why architecture should be designed with a thought of multi-sensory experience inside the space. Some examples of ideal architecture that illustrates significant historical buildings with good space design are The Colleseum in Rome, The Louvre in France, and Masjid Al-Haram in Mecca. For the first one which is The Flavian Amphitheatre or widely known as The Colosseum at Rome. The reason that it is one of significant historical buildings with good space design lies within the successful achievement of the monumental and grandeur size, practicality, efficiency for controlling the crowd and the most important is its ability to radiate the crowds and spectators excitement and experience throughout the whole space experience at that time. The hugely impressive vast ellipse form that is filled with tiers of seating was created to strike awe into anyone who saw this great monumental building. It was a symbol of the glorious power and cruelty of Rome and its emperors. Its classical design features, reminiscent of classical Greek architecture is the quintessential symbols of Roman cultur es and was meant to convey that Rome was a great, mighty wealthy, and civilised nation. The Colleseums design was heavily influenced by concrete and vault arches which are two of their greatest inventions. And the construction technique that the Romans used is the standardised parts system so that the components are interchangeable which similar to the current modular system. This standardised system allowed some components of the building such as stairs and seats to be built off-site and then brought to the amphitheatre to be fitted in to their specific location. Along with the standardised parts system, there were also a huge number of entrances and exits being built throughout the amphitheatre. These entrances and exits were imperative to the amphitheatre in order to ensure the crowd to be seated quickly and efficiently. All of the design and system of The Colleseum has been used as the basic for the architects and designers to design and construct the current stadiums globally. The design and form of The Colosseums breath-taking architecture was as a result of the needs of major requirements as a theatre or arena for staging various forms of entertainment to the Romans. As well as, it is a result of the consideration towards the excitement that the designers wanted the spectators to feel. And even today, The Colosseum is still one of the hugely impressive skyscrapers and the memories of how Romans culture, social and life was like before can still be felt through exploring and experiencing the interior of it. Another significant historical architecture with good spatial qualities is The Louvre in France. Currently, it is one of biggest art museums in the world. Built in the 12th century, it was constructed with a cut stone bearing masonry system and previously it was function as some kind of royal or defensive fortress against invasion until the late 18th century where it was first open to the public to display the royals collection such as paintings and sculptures. The reason that The Louvre is considered as significant historical building that has good spatial design lies in the strong sense of the countrys cultural knowledge that the building exhibits and can be identified through its architectural quality. Although The Louvre has a history of the ever-changing function of the architecture, started from a fortress to a palace and eventually becomes one of the worlds largest museums, no matter what it always bear and have its original identity, history and culture of that time it was bu ilt. It is because of the consideration towards the identity, history and culture aspects in mind that the designer had the idea of the form of the architecture and was able to craft the experience inside the space in order to display and showcase those aspects through the test of time. And the third architecture that illustrates significant historical architecture with good spatial design is Masjid Al-Haram which is located at Mecca. It is the largest and considered as the holiest mosque in the world. The current architecture of the mosque is not what it was like since it was first built in the 7th century. There have been major rebuilt, modifications and expansions on its architecture and because of these expansions it has became the largest mosque in the world. The expansion happened in order to accommodate the increasing number of the pilgrims. Since the past, mosque has been considered as a medium for communication; either it is a communication between God and pilgrims or between fellow pilgrims. This idea of the mosque that it is built as a centre for social interaction rather than a building only for ritual or worshipping is being clearly shown and felt in the architecture of Masjid Al-Haram. For examples the presence of the courtyard surrounds the Kaaba or t he grey square house which is designed or placed there with the intention of providing the best meditative and interactive atmosphere for the performance of prayer and community interacting experience to happen inside. And the placement of the minarets or the tall free standing towers is based on the topography of the site in order to create harmonious balance with the Kaaba. These considerations towards the pilgrims experience and the meaning for every placement or form that is created has made Masjid Al-Haram or The Holy Mosque a significant historical building with good spatial design. These 3 architectures above show that designing through paying considerations towards the experience and behaviour of the visitors or occupants would create lasting impression that could stands the test of time. Nevertheless, through this time, because of the limitation on the materials and tools that they could be worked or used, architects and engineers were only able to build certain kinds of forms which made them unsatisfied with the visual aesthetic of the building. With this feeling of unsatisfactory as the main force that drives architects and designers to overcome this issue, which then becomes one of the main factors of the emerging trend of visual architecture or an architecture that the visual aesthetic considerations is being privileged or have dominated the designers thoughts rather than the experiential value. It is until the late 18th century, in the industrial revolution era, when cast iron can be produced in a large numbers and cheaply enough and has opportunities in creating new forms. This is when architects and designers started to become aware of the glorious potential of cast iron used in architecture. One of the first architectural projects that are entirely made from cast iron is The Iron Bridge in Shropshire (Potter, D, 2006). And this marks the dawn of Modern building technology. As technology has advanced towards a new stage, which is the modern building technology, the nature and value of architecture started to shift and adapt as well. The birth of modern technology is as the result of architects using experimental science and engineering theory and tools to inform the form and construction of their buildings. Which previously form and structures of buildings were relied strongly on the knowledge of the craftsman or builder. This development has begun to revolutionize architecture into an entirely new direction. Through this modern building technology, architects and designers are provided with a new range of materials and tools to achieve and satisfy their hunger for more advanced forms. Previously, the architectural form of each location has their own unique characteristics. This is because of their environment would only be able to produce certain kinds of materials. Due to this constraint, architects and designers had lesser choices of resources that w ere available. This led to vernacular architecture of that area which meant that the material and building tool that they used to construct buildings in a location would have a more deeply grounded meaning with the context of the building and in a way was more purely defined with the unique representative form of that certain location. For instance, the Pyramid in Egypt that is made from stone is entirely different from the Temple in China which is made from wood. But since the developed worlds industrialisation trend has expanded globally throughout the world. This has influenced the local architects and designers wanting to follow the international architectural fashions style and has become another factor that contributed in the emerging trend of visual architecture. With modern building technology , transportation of materials from one location to another location has became possible, the ability of mass production has lowered the cost of construction, and computer software has accelerated the time to finish the drawing or design of a building. These developments have made the process of realizing architecture become more efficient and effective in every layer, either it is the time span to complete, the construction, the planning of the project, the creation of the buildings form or even the innovation of new and better materials is continually increasing. The development of materials has played a big role in the creation of advanced architectural form. It is one of the aspects that started the trend of architecture of image. Beginning by looking into the traditional materials that have been used since the prehistoric times, which is wood. This material could be considered as the forefather of all current materials. In the early days, prehistor ic people used these to build tents as their shelters from the sun and rain. By constructing tree trunks or branches together creating the shape of an inverted V-shape, putting some support to hold it firm on the ground and covered with leaves. This creates the simplest foundation of architecture form. As human evolved so did materials for shelter. Moving from wood to stone, as a stronger material, the form of the shelter started to develop into tent-like house by stacking different stones together. As human moves on to the times of early civilizations, the needs, desires, and beliefs have been greatly varied too. This leads to the creation of places of worships, sacrifices, monuments, and governments. Based on this, the form of the architecture started to goes vertically higher and bigger. At this time, pillar, column, beam, arch and dome has started to be built to fulfil the functions of the architecture. Moving on from the prehistoric times into the middle age, at this time, castles are becoming common forms of architecture in every part of Europe. And as it moves through The Renaissance, Baroque, Neoclassicism and Gothic revival, from 15th century to 18th century, architects and designers feel that every architectures in their own location has looked similar because of the limitation of technology and materials provided at that time and that location. Until early 19th century, when modern building technology was discovered. This technology allowed iron to be used in architecture because it has became relatively cheaper while previously it was considered as a very expensive material. Iron is architecturally unique because of being relatively lightweight and malleable as well as strong. Moreover, because of its properties, it can be used for free-form designs. In this period, glass has also been widely used and available. Glass is widely used for its optimal balance between aesthetics, functions and its ability to create effects that could change experience. The reason is because glass has the property that allows light to transmits in and by using it, the architects or designers has the power to controls light which creates an illusion that the building are able to change, move and create certain atmosphere. And for architect light is one of the powerful tools in crafting experience in architecture. One of the architecture that ref lects a building of high technology in this period is the Joseph Paxtons Crystal Palace of the Great Exhibition. Built in 1851 in London, this building was made of modular cast iron and glass which symbolized the industrial, technological and economic superiority of the modern building technology. Progressing to the late 19th century, which reinforced concrete is invented. At this time, concrete is being reinforced with iron or steel in order to increase the strength of tension in concrete to minimize cracking problem. By doing so, this reinforced concrete have special properties which are more durable to thermal expansion, provides strength to optimize building structures and it has the ability to bend allowing it to be made into any shape or size for architectural purpose. Because of these special properties, reinforced concrete is still one of the most popular materials that are being used for construction purposes until now. And in 20th century, plastics became widely known and popular as well. It is because plastics are lightweight, resilient, generally resistant to corrosion and moisture, and can be moulded and formed into complex shapes. And because it is the only man-made material, this allowed it to be developed even more in the future. This development in modern building technology has opened the door for architects and designers to realize all the unrealized ideas that they had in mind. And with this the notion of architecture of image is slowly becoming a trend. With advancement in modern building technology, materials and tools to construct a building have greatly expanded. Back then, buildings are limited with height. Mainly it is because of the limitation of materials and tools that caused architects and designers to think and design horizontally. But with modern building technology, current buildings are able to go higher becoming a skyscraper or go deeper underground, maybe becoming an earth scraper, and not only going vertically, it also allows the buildings to be built diagonally. From geometric to organic form or from masses to pixels, current technology makes everything possible. Moreover, modern building technology is being used for visualizing and selling the ideas that the designers have to the clients too. For example 3 dimensional simulation software that are able to produce photo realistic images of the building even though it has not being constructed yet. Architecture has entered into a realm of visual form which is nothing more or less than the creation of buildings tangible and visible shapes. Beekman Tower, Frank Gehry New York One example of a purely visual architecture is the Beekman Tower in New York by Frank Gehry. It is a curious fusion of public and private zones. The main design feature is the organic form of the buildings facade which is made of aluminium foil. The organic folds evoke the sense of water ripples. And the effects of ripples are being enhanced more on the daytime because of the natural light. This building is surely a successful design and appealing to one of human senses which is the visual. But for the interior, everything inside the space is dully conventional. The consideration towards other senses inside the space in order to experience the space has been neglected. Another one is the Orchard Central in Singapore by DP Architects. The key design element of this shopping mall is on the facade of the mall which is a faceted membrane which will function as massive media wall and is set to be an iconic feature at the junction of Orchard and Killiney roads. The idea of this is to add aural and visual vibrancy to the central stretch of Orchard Road. By doing so, the architectural facade of the building will be able to generate visual connection with the public. But the problem is the elimination of other senses and the dependency towards the vision has made the design of the space unattractive and unable to create a connection with the visitors. In addition to another architecture that illustrates purely visual architecture is The Central Plaza Shopping Mall by Manuelle Gautrand which is located in Bangkok, Thailand. The design of the architecture relies heavily on the faà §ade of the building while the interior is not greatly different from most other shopping mall in the city. The idea of the glowing red lines that simply clad or covered the facade of the building which is the key design element of the architecture is being conceived by the designer as tools that are able to send messages of flow movement and fluidity to the visitors. This perception shows that the design of the building is influenced by technology and only focus on the visual aesthetics to resolve the issue of the space. And by doing so it weakens the architectural value of it and diminished the experiential value inside. Orchard Central, DP Architects Singapore Based on both of the case studies above, it is fairly obvious that the privileged of visual senses over other human senses will create a sense of detachment between the architecture and the visitors. This is merely because humans experience the world and their surroundings through their senses. For instance, the sounds of steps, the light that penetrates through the space, the coldness of the concrete walls, scale and proportion are just few ways of how architecture interacts with the visitors senses. Such interaction is then strengthened and articulated through the complex interaction of human senses and will be perceived by the visitors as an experience. With this two-way interaction between visitors and architecture, it will lead to the creation of meaningful memory towards the space. It is true that vision is the first connection between human and the world. Most of us, when we are walking through a space or street, are affected in one way or another by the looks of the buildings that we pass through, the positions of the objects and the arrangements inside the space. But in architecture, the reliance in the sphere of vision will only made the building existed merely on a surface level which is as an object of visual expression such as a postcard. Architecture should be able to interact with every human sense because it is a representation or expression of human minds. And the only way to communicate with the mind is by experiencing the world and surrounding through the senses. That is when architecture has moved on to another level. So, by using the modern technology, not only to grasped the visual aesthetics that has became a trends nowadays, but also to craft the experience that has been the nature and value of architecture since the early days. This will affe ct the human physically and psychologically and will push the architecture to the full potential. Word Count Word count 4885 (excluding Abstract, Table of Contents, Captions, and Works Cited)